英語の文法、骨組み部分を覚えやすいように整理してみました。
細かい部分の説明は目的ではありません。詳細は本をご参考ください。
ここでは２時間で文法を復習できるように最小限のものを整理します。
文の種類
＜主語＋動詞＞（SV）
I walk.
I walk to school.
＜主語＋動詞＋補語＞（SVC）※S＝C
The movie is interesting. (The movie = interesting)
This dress looks nice. (This dress = nice)
＜主語＋動詞＋目的語＞（SVO）
We learn English at school.
I like sports very much.
＜主語＋動詞＋目的語＋目的語＞（SVOO）
Mr. Suzuki teaches us science.
My father gave me a book yesterday.
＜主語＋動詞＋目的語＋補語＞（SVOC）※O＝C
My friends call me Shun. (me = Shun)
The news made us happy. (us = happy)
上記の文の各成分は単一な単語で構成されますが、複数の単語で拡張された場合、句と節が登場します。この下で別途説明します。
動詞
現在形のbe動詞
I am (not) a member of the soccer team. | I am (not) free this afternoon.
This is (not) my new bike. | Chris is (not) one of my best friends. | He/She is (not) good at playing baseball.
His jokes are (not) always very funny. | You are (not) a good speaker of English.
否定文の場合はbe動詞の後ろにnotを付けます。
be動詞の疑問文
＜be動詞＋主語〜？＞
Are you a student? ← You are a student.
– Yes, I am.
– No, I’m not.
Is Kevin from Australia. ← Kevin is from Australia.
– Yes, he is.
– No, he is not. / he isn’t.
＜疑問詞＋be動詞＋主語〜？＞
Who is that man?
– He is my brother.
What is this?
– It’s DVD player.
When is your birthday?
– It’s March 31st.
Why is Yumi absent from school?
– Because she is sick.
How are you today?
– I’m fine. thank you.
一般動詞の現在形
I (do not) play tennis. | I (don’t) write a letter to him.
John (doesn’t know) knows a lot about Japanese culture. | This bus (doesn’t go) goes to City Hall.
We (don’t) have a dog and a cat. | Tim and his brother (don’t) practice karate every day.
一般動詞の否定文の場合は一般動詞の前に do/does not = don’t, doesn’t を付け、動詞を原型に戻します。
現在形の一般動詞の疑問文
＜Do＋3人称単数以外の主語＋動詞の原型〜？＞
Do you/they play the guitar?
– Yes, I[We]/they do.
– No, I[We]/they don’t.
＜Does＋3人称単数の主語＋動詞の原型〜？＞
Does Lisa know about it?
– Yes, she does.
– No, she doesn’t.
Does this train go to Tokyo?
– Yes, it does.
– No, it doesn’t.
＜疑問詞＋do/does＋主語＋動詞の原型〜？＞
Why do you like that movie?
– (Because) The story is exciting.
What time does the shop close?
– (It closes) At nine.
be動詞と一般動詞の過去形
I / He was (not) busy yesterday. | These books were (not) useful.
I (did not play) played soccer with my friends yesterday.
They (did not take) took a walk to the park together.
be動詞否定文の場合はbeの後ろにnotを付けます。
一般動詞の否定文の場合は一般動詞の前に did not = didn’t を付け、動詞を原型に戻します。
過去形の疑問文
＜Was / Were＋主語〜？＞
Was the test difficult?
– Yes, it was.
– No, it wasn’t.
Were you busy yesterday?
– Yes, I was.
– No, I wasn’t.
＜疑問詞＋was / were＋主語〜？＞
Why was she sad?
– Because her best friend moved away.
What was in the bag?
– His notebook was.
＜Did＋主語＋動詞の原型〜？＞
Did you watch the movie?
– Yes, I / We did.
– No, I / We didn’t.
＜疑問詞＋did＋主語＋動詞の原型〜？＞
When did Kevin go to China?
How did you get it?
未来を表す表現
１、＜主語＋will（not）＋動詞の原形＞
I / You / He / She / It / They will (not) be sixteen years old next year.
Janet will (not) come here at about five.
否定文の場合、willの後ろにnotを付けます。will not = won’t
２、＜主語＋be（not）going to＋動詞の原形＞
My brother is (not) going to buy a new computer.
I am (not) going to meet my aunt at the station.
It is (not) going to rain soon.
This plane is (not) going to arrive late.
否定文の場合、be動詞の後ろにnotを付けます。
３、willやbe going to以外の未来を表す表現
The next train leaves at 7:45.（現在形で未来を表す）
I‘m leaving for Nara tomorrow.（現在進行形で未来を表す）
The game is about to begin.（be about to ~ で未来を表す）
willの疑問文
＜Will＋主語＋動詞の原形〜？＞
Will she go to the zoo next Sunday?
– Yes, she will.
– No, she will not[won’t].
＜疑問詞＋will＋主語＋動詞の原形〜？＞
Where will you stay in Tokyo?
– We will stay at a hotel near Ueno Station.
be going to の疑問文
＜be動詞＋主語＋going to＋動詞の原形〜？＞
Are you going to watch TV tonight?
– Yes, I am.
– No, I’m not.
＜疑問詞＋be動詞＋主語＋going to＋動詞の原形〜？＞
What are you going to do this summer?
– I’m going to travel to India with my family.
現在・過去進行形
Clark is (not) drinking coffee.（am / is / are）
Tom was (not) studying in the library.（was / were）
進行形の疑問文
＜be動詞＋主語＋ -ing 〜?＞
Is she writing the report?
– Yes, she is.
– No, she isn’t.
＜疑問詞＋be動詞＋主語＋ -ing 〜?＞
What are you doing here?
– I‘m waiting for Dean.
＜疑問詞＋is/was＋ -ing 〜?＞ ※疑問詞が主語になる場合
Who is singing on the stage?
– Mr. Blair is.
現在完了
I have lived in Chiba since I was born.（現在完了の「継続」）
I have finished reading the book.（現在完了の「完了」「結果」）
I have met her twice.（現在完了の「経験」）
I have (not) lost my wallet (yet).
I have (not) spent all of my money (yet).
Tome has (not) arrived at the station (yet).
I have never seen an elephant.
現在完了の疑問文
＜Have/Has ＋主語＋過去分詞〜？＞
Have they lived in this town for a long time?
– Yes, they have.
– No, they haven’t.
＜疑問詞＋have / has＋主語＋過去分詞〜？＞
How long have you lived here?
– (I have lived here) For three years.
＜疑問詞＋has＋過去分詞 〜?＞ ※疑問詞が主語になる場合
Who has come back?
– Keith has.
現在完了進行形
＜主語＋have / has been -ing＞
You have been driving for more than two hours.
It‘s been snowing since this morning.
過去の一時点に始めた進行中の動作が現在も行われていること
＜Have / Has＋主語＋been -ing 〜？＞
Have you been waiting long?
– No, I have not.
＜主語＋have / has not＋been -ing＞
I‘ve not been feeling well.
過去完了
＜主語＋had＋過去分詞＞
John had been a nurse for 5 years until last year.
過去のある時点までの状態の継続、動作の完了・結果、経験を表します。
＜Had＋主語＋過去分詞〜？＞
Had the train left when you got here?
– Yes, it already had.
＜主語＋had not＋過去分詞＞
She had not been abroad before she came to Japan.
不定詞
名詞用法「〜すること」
＜to＋動詞の原形＞が動詞の目的語
Jeff wants to visit Hawaii next year.
I like to ride a bike.
他に、begin, start, decide, mean, plan, try, promise, love, hate, wish, hope, need がある。
＜to＋動詞の原形＞が主語
To study English is interesting to me.
To keep a promise is important.
＜to＋動詞の原形＞がbe動詞の補語
My dream is to be an astronaut.
My work is to drive a truck.
副詞用法「〜するために（目的）、〜して（原因）」
I saved money to buy a new computer.
I went to the airport to see my uncle off.
I am happy to hear the news.
I was surprised to see such a big man.
I’m glad to meet you.
形容詞用法「〜するための名詞」
I have a lot of books to read.（bookを修飾）
He was the first man to land on the island.
I have some pictures to show you.
Would you like something hot to drink?（something hotを修飾）
Please give me something to eat.
疑問詞 ＋ to do
Lisa learned how to cook Japanese food.
Could you tell me what to do next?
where to go / when to do / which to choose
動詞＋人（目的語）＋ to do
Bill’s mother told him to be quiet.
I asked Tony to help me with my homework.
I want you to do your best.
It is ＋ 形容詞（＋ for 〜）＋ to do
It is important to think about world peace.
It was difficult for me to sing well.
It is necessary for him to learn about computers.
too 〜 to do と 〜 enough to do
I was too tired to study last night.
She speaks too fast for me to understand.
He was kind enough to take me home.
Mr. Brown was rich enough to buy a large house.
知覚動詞＋目的語＋ to 原形不定詞
I saw two men break into Mr. Brown’s house.
I heard him call my name from far away.
She felt something move on her back.
watch / look at / listen to
使役動詞＋目的語＋ to 原形不定詞
My mother made me go to piano lessons.（make 強制的にさせる）
My father will not let me go out alone at night.（let 容認・強化）
Let me introduce myself.
I had Mr. Brown correct my English.（have 〜してもらう）
動名詞
動名詞の位置
動詞の目的語
We enjoyed playing soccer.
Stop talking, Tom.
enjoy / finish / stop / mind など、動名詞のみ目的語になる。不定詞が目的語にならない。
Did you finish reading the book?
Would you mind opening the window?
主語
Having a party is a lot of fun.
Getting up early is difficult for me.
補語（be動詞の後で）
My hobby is reading comic books.
His job is helping poor people.
前置詞の目的語
Keith is good at doing karate.
Brush your teeth before going to bed.
動名詞を用いたいろいろな表現
He is fond of listening to the Beatles.
How[What] about playing baseball after school?
Thank you for coming to my birthday party.
I’m looking forward to seeing you again.
Tony left the party without saying goodbye.
I want to go swimming this afternoon.
This book is worth reading.
I feel like going out today.
I am busy doing my homework now.
My father is used to speaking in front of many people.
remember doing と remember to do
remember doing「以前に〜したことを覚えている」
I remember seeing him somewhere in Tokyo.
remember to do「これから〜することを覚えている」
Remember to call me this evening.
他にforget, tryも同じです。
forget doing「以前に〜したことを忘れる」
forget to do「これから〜することを忘れる」
try doing「試しに〜してみる」
try to do「〜しようと努力する」
I tried speaking to him in English.（実際に話しかけた）
I tried to speak to him in English.（実際に話しかけたかどうかは不明）
分詞
分詞の形と基本的な意味
現在分詞
形：動詞の原形 ＋ -ing
意味：〜している（進行形）
sleep → sleeping sit → sitting ride → riding
That sleeping baby is very cute.
Look at that sleeping baby.
過去分詞
形：動詞の原形 ＋ -(e)d, または不規則変化
意味：〜された（受動態）
kick → kicked use → used write → written speak → spoken
Spoken language is different from written language.
I bought a used computer.
形容詞としての現在分詞
現在分詞が単独の場合、原則として現在分詞を名詞の前に置く。
I don’t know that dancing woman.
that crying / smiling / cute / quiet / sick baby
現在分詞が語句を伴う場合、現在分詞を名詞のあとにおく
The woman dancing on the stage is my big sister.
the boy talking with his friends.
the old man walking a dog
形容詞としての過去分詞
過去分詞が単独の場合、原則として過去分詞を名詞の前に置く。
spoken language
that broken / old / popular watch
過去分詞が語句を伴う場合、過去分詞を名詞のあとにおく
the language spoken in Brazil
a letter written in Chinese
a bird named Kiwi
知覚動詞＋目的語＋現在/過去分詞
I saw a boy crossing the street with his dog.
We saw a lot of birds flying far away into the sky.
I heard my name called from across the square.
※現在分詞と原形不定詞の文の意味は違うことに注意
a) I saw a boy crossing the street with his dog.（現在分詞）
b) I saw a boy cross the street with his dog.（原形不定詞）
a)の場合は動作の最中（通りを渡っている）を見たという意味になる。
b)の場合は動作の最初から最後までを見たという意味になる。
比較
Do you have a bigger size?
I ate the biggest hamburger in the restaurant.
比較級・最上級の作り方
比較級：原級 ＋ -er
最上級：原級 ＋ -est
① -e で終わる語には、 -r / -st だけをつける
nice → nicer → nicest large → larger → largest
② 子音字 ＋ y で終わる語は、y を i に変えて -er / -est をつける
happy → happier → happiest easy → easier → easiest
③ 短母音 ＋ 子音字 で終わる語は、子音字を重ねて -er / -est
big → bigger → biggest hot → hotter → hottest
つづりの長い形容詞・副詞の場合
① つづりが比較的長い形容詞・副詞の場合には more / most を前につける
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
② 形容詞 ＋ ly の副詞の場合には全て more / most をつける
slowly → more slowly → most slowly
不規則変化する場合
good / well → better → best
many / much → more → most
bad / ill → worse → worst
little → less → least
比較の用法
①原級「〜と同じくらい・・・」：(not) as + 形容詞[副詞] + as ~
I am (not) as tall as my father.
②比較級「〜よりも・・・」：比較級 + than ~
My mother usually gets up earlier than my father
This story is more interesting than that one.
You should drive more carefully.
③最上級「〜で一番・・・だ」：the + 最上級 + in / of ~
Mt. Fuji is the highest in Japan.
I like English the best of all subjects.
比較を利用した重要表現
① ~ times as + 原級 + as …
This pencil is twice as long as that one.
He studied three times as hard as the other students.
② as + 原級 + as possible / one can
Sue answered the letter as soon as she could.
Read as many books as possible[you can].
③ 比較級 + than any other + 単数名詞
Jim is smarter than any other student in his class.
Meg is more popular than any other singer in Japan.
④比較級 + and + 比較級
It is getting warmer and warmer day by day.
The story became more and more interesting.
⑤ 最上級を用いた表現
This is one of the most famous temples in Japan.
Mr. Thomas was one of the richest men in the town.
I need at least two people for the work.
This is the biggest fish that I have ever seen.
受動態
能動態と受動態
Everyone loves koalas.
Koalas are loved by everyone.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
The windows were broken by someone last night.
This song will be sung all over the world.
This room must be cleaned by you all.
受動態の疑問文と否定文
Are Koalas loved by everyone?
Was Hamlet written by Shakespeare?
When was this shrine built?
Where was your wallet stolen?
What language is spoken in Brazil?
This house was not built by my father.
This computer is not used now.
by ~ のない受動態
Computers are used all over the world now.
Is this seat taken? — No, it’s not.
Yumi wasn’t invited to the party.
by 以外の前置詞をとる受動態など
I was surprised at the news.
Don was pleased with[at / about] the present.
My father is interested in cooking.
Kyoto is known to many foreign people.
The hall was filled with people.
The town was all covered with snow.
その他の受動態の表現
Wine is made from grapes.
This desk is made of wood.
Milk is made into cheese.
Were you born in December?
Her children were killed in the war.
句動詞の受動態
I was spoken to by a stranger on the street. ← A stranger spoke to me on the street.
He was laughed at by everyone. ← Everyone laughed at him.
The baby was taken care of by Nancy. ← Nancy took care of the baby.
The problem was talked about in the meeting. ← We talked about the problem in the meeting.
現在完了 ＋ 受動態 と 進行形 ＋ 受動態
The store has been closed since yesterday.
My house is being built now.
関係代名詞
「長い髪の少女」
① a long-haired girl ← 形容詞
② a girl with long hair ← 前置詞
③ a girl who has long hair ← 関係代名詞
a girl who has long hair but wants to have it cut short soon
関係代名詞を使って、長い説明が可能になります。
I have a friend. He lives in Hawaii.
↓
I have a friend and he lives in Hawaii.
↓
I have a friend who lives in Hawaii.
関係代名詞の種類
| 先行詞の種類 | 主格 | 目的格 | 所有格 |
| 人 | who | who[whom] | whose |
| もの・動物 | which | ||
| 人・もの・動物 | that | – | |
目的格whomはほとんど用いられない。また、目的格の関係代名詞は省略されることが多い。
主格の関係代名詞
先行詞が「人」＜主格＞の時は who/that
I have an aunt who / that sings and dances very well.
先行詞が「もの・動物」＜主格＞の時は which/that
A giraffe is a tall animal which / that has a long neck.
目的格の関係代名詞
先行詞が「人」＜目的格＞の時は who/that
That’s the man (who[whom] / that) I saw at the party.
先行詞が「もの・動物」＜目的格＞の時は which/that
Are these the pictures (which / that) you took in Hawaii?
所有格の関係代名詞
I know a man. His mother is a famous pianist.
↓
I know a man whose mother is a famous pianist.
もの・動物の場合も whose
Look at the church whose roof is painted red.
Josh has a dog whose hair is very long.
注意すべき関係代名詞
that をよく用いる場合
１、先行詞に＜the＋最上級＞, the first などの序数、the last, the only, the same, the very などがつく場合
This is the best book that I have ever read.
２、先行詞が all, anything, everything, nothing などの場合
Is there anything that I can do for you?
３、先行詞が「人」＋「もの・動物」の場合
Look at the man and the dog that are playing together in the park.
分詞の後置修飾との関係
関係代名詞で表される意味を分詞の後置修飾を用いて表すこともできる。この時に＜分詞＋語句＞は＜関係代名詞＋be動詞＞を省略したものだと考えることもできる。
The boy who is waving to us is Tim. = The boy waving to us is Tim.
I want to visit a place which is called Boston. = I want to visit a place called Boston.
その他の後置修飾との関係
１、前置詞句による後置修飾の場合
Look at the girl with long hair. → Look at the girl who has long hair.
２、不定式による後置修飾の場合
I have a lot of things to do. → I have a lot of things (which) I should do.
関係代名詞 what
what は先行詞を含む関係代名詞で「〜するもの「こと」」という意味を表します。
This is not the thing which I need.
↓
This is not what I need.
I can’t believe what you did to her.
I’m sorry, but what I said yesterday was a lie.
制限用法と非制限用法
関係代名詞には、これまで学習してきた後から前の名詞（先行詞）を修飾する制限用法（または限定用法）の他に、非制限用法（または継続用法）があります。非制限用法には２つの特徴があります。
１、先行詞の後にコンマ（,）がある。
２、日本語に直す時には、まず先行詞を訳し、関係代名詞以下の文はその先行詞の補足説明のように訳す。
Mr. Long has two sons, who are lawyers.（2人の息子がいて、2人とも弁護士だ）
Mr. Long has two sons who are lawyers.（制限用法にすると、関係詞節が先行詞を直接修飾することで、先行詞の対象を絞り込み、「ロングさんには弁護士の息子が2人いる」という意味になり、別の息子もいる可能性がある）
He has two watches which his father gave him.（彼は父親からもらった２つの時計を持っている）
制限用法では、先行詞の two watches が関係詞節によって直接修飾され、「父親からもらった」という内容に限定されています。この場合、「彼」は父親からもらっていない別の時計も持っている可能性があります。
He has two watches, which his father gave him.（彼は２つの時計を持っていて、それらは父親からもらったものだ）
一方、非制限用法では、コンマの前で「彼は２つの時計を持っている」という内容が完結しています。（つまり時計はこの2つしか持っていないことになります。）関係詞節は先行詞の two watches を直接修飾するのではなく、先行詞について補足的に説明しています。
関係副詞
関係副詞は副詞の役目をもちながら名詞（先行詞）を説明する節を導く語です。
Take me to the store where you bought this CD.
Do you remember the day when we first met?
関係副詞は４つ（場所 where, 時 when, 理由 why, 方法 how）ある。どの関係副詞を使うかは、先行詞により決定される。
関係代名詞と関係副詞
This is the park which is famous for its big cherry trees.
This is the park where we used to play soccer every day.
関係詞の部分にit（代名詞）がくれば which, there（副詞）がくれば where を使う。
先行詞・関係副詞の省略
Home is the place where I spend most of my time.
Home is where I spend most of my time. ← 先行詞 the place の省略
Home is the place I spend most of my time at. ← 関係代名詞 which の省略
Do you remember the time when we’re going to meet up?
Do you remember the time we’re going to meet up? ← when の省略
Do you remember when we’re going to meet up? ← the time の省略
関係副詞の非限定用法
I went to Hawaii, where I enjoyed watching beautiful sunsets.
普通固有名詞の後には制限用法は用いない。
普通例文：I went to Hawaii and there I enjoyed watching beautiful sunsets.
Hokkaido, where I have never been, is famous for its unspoiled nature.
In 2022, when the World Cup was held, my sister got married.
仮定法
If Bill comes, I will be happy.（ビルが来てくれたら嬉しいわ）
If Bill came, I would be happy.（もしビルが来てくれたら嬉しいのに）← 仮定法
仮定法は「まずあり得ない」夢の世界を描く！
仮定法は現在のことをあえて過去形で表現して、現実とちょっと「距離をおく」気持ちを表すのです。
仮定法過去
If + 主語 + 動詞の過去形 〜, 主語 + would / could / should / might + 動詞の原形 ･･･
If you left home now, you would be in time for the train.（今家を出ればその電車に間に合うのに ← 仮定法の文、これは家を出ようとしない人に言うもの）
If you leave home now, you will be in time for the train.（今家を出ればその電車に間に合うだろう ← 普通の文、これは今家を出ようとする人に言うもの）
仮定法過去完了
過去の事実に反する仮定には過去完了形を用います。
If + 主語 + had + 過去分詞 〜, 主語 + would / could / should / might + have + 過去分詞 ･･･
Takeda Shingen might have become shogun if he had lived longer.
If I had studied hard, I could have passed the exam.
仮定法が使われる表現
１、＜I wish + 仮定法＞ 〜ならなあ / 〜だったらなあ
I wish + 主語 + 過去形 〜 （仮定法過去）「（今）〜ならなあ」
I wish + 主語 + had 過去分詞 〜 （仮定法過去完了）「（あの時）〜だったらなあ」
I wish I could fly like a bird.
I wish I had more free time.
I wish she had told me the truth at that time.
If only you were with me!（I wish ~. の代わりに If only ~.）
２、＜as if + 仮定法＞ まるで〜である[あった]かのように
as if + 主語 + 過去形 〜 （仮定法過去）「まるで〜であるかのように」
as if + 主語 + had 過去分詞 〜 （仮定法過去完了）「まるで〜であったかのように」
また、これらの表現は時制の一致を受けない。
I feel as if I were[was] dreaming.（まるで夢を見ているような気がする）
I felt as if I were[was] dreaming.（まるで夢を見ているような気がした）
３、「〜がなければ / 〜がなかったら」の表現
If it were not for ~ （仮定法過去）「もし（今）〜がなければ」
If it had not been for ~ （仮定法過去完了）「もし（あの時）〜がなかったら」
If it had not been for our teamwork, we could not have won the game.
これらの表現は、仮定法過去・仮定法過去完了にかかわらず、Without ~ や But or ~ で表すこともできる。
Without[But for] exams, school would be more fun.
Without[But for] our teamwork, we could not have won the game.
Without ~ や But or ~ は時制を気にすることなく使える。
It is time + 仮定法過去
「〜する時間である」という意味を表します。
It is time you got up.（もう起きる時間だよ）
この構文では、＜It is high time ~＞＜It is about time ~＞などできます。
It is high[about] time you went to bed.
If + 主語 + should / were to + 動詞の原形
If he should know our secret, he would be surprised.
If you were to become prime minister, what would you do first?
「万が一〜ならば」と、将来実現可能性が低い内容を仮定したい場合に使います。
この should の仮定の場合、後に命令文などがくることもあります。
If anyone should call me, tell them I will call back.
if の省略
仮定法の if ~ の中に were / had / should がある場合、これらの語と主語を倒置させて if を省略することができます。
If he were rich, he would travel all around the world.
Were he rich, 〜
If it had not been for his help, we would not have succeeded.
Had it not been for his help, 〜
if 節を用いない仮定法
To hear her talk, you would think she was from Japan.
= If you heard her talk, 〜
A gentleman would not say such a thing.
= If he were[was] a gentleman, he would not say such a thing.
With a little more money, I could buy that dress.
= If I had a little more money, 〜
分詞構文
分詞を使って、＜時＞や＜状況＞、＜理由＞などを表し、副詞的な働きをする。
Feeling happy, I smiled at her.
Entering the room, he sat down.
He ate breakfast, reading a newspaper.
I didn’t go to school, having a headache.
注意する分詞構文
Not knowing her e-mail address, I can’t send her a message.
not, never などの否定語は分詞の直前におく
The roads being busy, I decided to walk to the office.
It being Sunday, I slept late.
It being cold, the game was canceled.
主語が主節と違う場合は残す
Eaten with rice, it is really good.
Being は省略されるのが普通
Having received her letter, I am happy.
＜having + 過去分詞＞を用いた分詞構文は、主節より前に起こったことを表している。
慣用的な分詞構文
Judging from his looks, he must be very tired.（= If we judge from）
Weather permitting, we are going to have a soccer game.（= If the weather permits）
Generally speaking, Honestly speaking, Speaking of ~, Considering ~, Other[All] things being equal, Strictly speaking, などあります。
時制の一致と話法
時制の一致
時制の一致とは、主節の動詞が過去形の場合、従属節内の他の動詞、助動詞も過去形に合わせるという規則です。
I think you have hay fever. → I thought you had hay fever.（現在→過去）
I think you had hay fever. → I thought you had had hay fever.（過去・現在完了→過去完了）
I don’t think it will be hot today. → I didn’t think it would be hot today.（現在→過去）
時制の一致の例外
普遍的な真理
We learned that light is faster than sound.
歴史上の事実
Did you know that World War II ended in 1945?
仮定法
He said that if he were you, he would quit that job.
現在も続いている習慣
She said that she likes Korean dramas.
〜つづく〜
|
|
![[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]](https://hbb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgb/28a0aab6.302f4f22.28a0aab7.f3e21a81/?me_id=1213310&item_id=20200794&pc=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbnail.image.rakuten.co.jp%2F%400_mall%2Fbook%2Fcabinet%2F1105%2F9784010221105.jpg%3F_ex%3D240x240&s=240x240&t=picttext "[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]")
|
|
![[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]](https://hbb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgb/28a0aab6.302f4f22.28a0aab7.f3e21a81/?me_id=1213310&item_id=20162666&pc=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbnail.image.rakuten.co.jp%2F%400_mall%2Fbook%2Fcabinet%2F0227%2F9784761230227.jpg%3F_ex%3D100x100&s=100x100&t=picttext "[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]")
|
|
![[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]](https://hbb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgb/28a0aab6.302f4f22.28a0aab7.f3e21a81/?me_id=1213310&item_id=17708624&pc=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbnail.image.rakuten.co.jp%2F%400_mall%2Fbook%2Fcabinet%2F8154%2F9784756918154.jpg%3F_ex%3D100x100&s=100x100&t=picttext "[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]")
|
|
![[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]](https://hbb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgb/28a0aab6.302f4f22.28a0aab7.f3e21a81/?me_id=1213310&item_id=17191992&pc=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbnail.image.rakuten.co.jp%2F%400_mall%2Fbook%2Fcabinet%2F1203%2F9784342431203.jpg%3F_ex%3D100x100&s=100x100&t=picttext "[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]")
|
|
![[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]](https://hbb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgb/28a0aab6.302f4f22.28a0aab7.f3e21a81/?me_id=1213310&item_id=20469273&pc=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbnail.image.rakuten.co.jp%2F%400_mall%2Fbook%2Fcabinet%2F3638%2F9784906033638_1_2.jpg%3F_ex%3D100x100&s=100x100&t=picttext "[商品価格に関しましては、リンクが作成された時点と現時点で情報が変更されている場合がございます。]")
コメント